Analysis, design, implementation and testing of a web developing Dissertation

Analysis, design, implementation and testing of a web developing company - Dissertation Example From the research it is clear that web development has become today a common requirement of many individuals, groups or organizations wishing to delve into electronic commerce. However, there are many challenges to â€Å"purchasing† web content, features, and the whole thing. This project will be focused on creating a web-developing company, where proper analysis, design, implementation and testing will take place. First of all, the main point for the project will be it being web-based web developing company. This means that all of the services will be provided on the website. This web-developing company will target mainly small and medium businesses, which do not have or want to improve their current websites to something better and more attractive. The main idea will be to provide the entire web developing services such as webhosting, consulting, creating online stores, logos, content, design, and adding new staff such as QR code - in one-stop. For example, a small Panini sh op in Oxford needs to compete with the big companies such as â€Å"Grace† stores or with â€Å"Dominos† pizza etc. This small Panini shop cannot afford expensive luxury website but it is not a good idea to just have â€Å"whatever† website which will make clients back off or be disappointed. So, our service will be somewhere in the middle, but for less money: we will provide attractive new websites with all of the benefits, which this technology era provides us. Also, the website company will provide different offers from the product portfolio. This project when finished should be able to deliver good, reliable and cheap websites for the smaller and medium business, so they can be differentiated on the market and they can attract more customers by targeting a wider range of consumers. By having free internet adverts in pages such Facebook pages or Twitter providing target customers the daily menu, plus having a reasonable good, modern website will be only advant age for the local business and on really low costs. All of this will be our care and it will really work to have a loyal customer base and to attract new customers. 1.1 Rational At the end of my study year I feel highly motivated and confident that this project I have chosen is really my aim for the future. Having a four-year course in IT management for business, I had a wide range of subjects to go through. And the most significant for me was Internet Commerce, that is why I feel really prepared for this new project as building websites and doing electronic commerce is really great fun for me. 1.2 Objective and goals The main objective of the project is to be able to deliver the proper service, which is required. To be able to achieve this, the main objectives have to be broken down in certain goals and smaller aims which have to be conquered first. This means that analysis have to be done first, then the design of the main website of the project company. Third step will be impleme ntation of the whole project and finally testing. Specific Objectives: Analysis of the web market in Oxford. Creating a list with the retailers with no websites or with bad websites. This will be our future client. Design the project website using the required methods and skills Create a wider range of portfolio product/service Have a unique web developing company for the Small/Medium local businesses 1.4. Background Having a website is today a prerequisite of every business whether they sell 24/7 or during certain office hours. While previously, websites are considered information sources for certain companies especially international ones, it has come to a time that even small or

RIP Project & RIP rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RIP Project & RIP rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The film is as thoughtful as it is wildly and almost obscenely violent. Even as it digs deep, it skims along the surface meaning that a whole range of audience fulfillment can be achieved. In this sophomore effort by one of the most controversial directors, Tarantino is as much a star as is his electrifying cast. Tarantino develops a unique style in which his story is told through disconnected scenes that are out of sequence, leaving the audience engaged in an effort to try to figure out just where the story is going. Just as it seems impossible to find meaning, the stories flow together so that the viewer forms that inevitable ‘O’ on their lips as it begins to make sense. The individual scenes are riveting enough that the viewer can wait until they begin to make sense. There is no rush. If you haven’t seen the film, please know that the following review is filled with spoilers. The film is a bumpy ride and a review of it would be no less. The film opens with a di alogue between Tim Roth and Amanda Plummer as they sit in a diner talking to one another like most desperate couples. The short scene ends as they pull guns, Plummer screaming at the patrons at the top of her lungs as they initiate a heist that won’t be resolved until much later. ... However, just like the structure of the film, his entrance has to wait for the moment as Travolta and Jackson dominate the film with storylines that include killing off a group of fraternity brothers in over their head with their crime boss. As well there are a series of drug based subplots that include watching a dead Uma Thurman pop back to life after having her chest stabbed with a thick needle on a hypodermic filled with adrenaline. Earlier in the film she is quirky yet elegant, but nothing is held back as she swipes her hand across the dribbles of vomit still clinging to her face from her overdose. Travolta, his belly rounded just as his face has become moony, his roles as a dancer or high school screw up in Saturday Night Fever and in Welcome Back Kotter long behind him, comes on as almost repulsive. Somehow he mixes the portrayal of streetwise intelligence with simplistic insights into a compelling and sensitive character that the audience can’t help to love. No one wou ld want to meet him, but everyone knows him. His character ‘Vincent’ is that guy who gets things done that no one else wants to do. Jackson, meanwhile, waxes philosophical on a plane above Vincent’s head and just slightly right of what might be expected for his character. The pair become instantly iconic as they experience the rollercoaster ride that is their life. One of the most classic on-screen pairings comes from Uma Thurman’s portrayal of Mia Wallace and Travolta’s character Vincent. His still unmet (by the audience) boss Marsellus has instructed Travolta to take his girlfriend out for the night so she is entertained. This puts

The International Context For Healthcare Policy Social Work Essay

The International Context For Healthcare Policy Social Work Essay This assignment is done to explore the international context for healthcare policy and orgs of healthcare. It also helps us to understand contemporary issues and promotion of healthcare. The political, cultural and social issues that help to determine healthcare policy are also analyzed in this assignment. Our 1st task is to analyze approaches to healthcare policy formation in some international context and here the National Drug Preference Alliance organization is chosen for assessment. The goal of this organization is to save the addicted ones and to promote effective policies, preventing, giving education and knowledge regarding the drugs consumption and its problems caused in society. This organizations track contains how to approach the study of health care organizations from different angles of theoretical perspectives, levels of analysis, and methods. Organizational theory tries to create a healthier nation and is seen as involving the whole of the community, basically it is a n interdisciplinary course of study. Rooted in sociology and social psychology, these healthcare policy approaches developed different variety of theories and methods for the study of organizations. Considering approaches, social and political science provides theories to analyze power relations and decision-making in all kinds of organizations that are held in United Kingdom. Next task is to assess the influence of funding on policy formation in NDPA organization. Within any of the health policy field, there are chances for formation of healthcare policy. Without creation of a policy, the organization is not worthy enough for the society. A growing literature is trying to understand the various responses of policy makers to research; they explain why certain research findings pave their way into policy and why some others are effectively ignored. It is necessary to fund the policy formation. Else the formation of policy will simply be a dream or just in theoretical papers. The members of the organization must be ready to fund the policy formation. They have to get the help of politicians, social workers, the public, technicians, etc. and they must have some members among themselves who are able to fund for the policy formation. They can also provide fund from the public, can take loans, charity funds, etc. for the formation of healthcare policy. The gover nment is always interested in funding for NDPA organization as it has taken a great role in saving the society from drug addicts and NDPA organization has become a crucial organization for the both the society and the government. Next task is to evaluate healthcare policy in NDPA organization. With the awareness spread by NDPA organization, the government of the country has made drugs as illegal. It has been declared that the use of drugs is illegal and can lead to the imprisonment of the user along with penalty.it has been estimated that 22% of passengers and 18% of drivers who have been involved in fatal accidents have taken illegal drugs. This statistics shows the importance and urgency that is required for the formation of policy in England. The police in the nation are always engaged in testing policies. It is also declared by the government that drug takers harm no one but themselves. The legislature is spending much part of their time for freeing the nation from the addicts. They have led the focus of government towards drugs. In todays life the impression is that everyone is into drugs. Nowadays drugs have been considered as a style of living and Britain is leading in this style. It is considered as t odays style accessory. The government has taken many policies to reduce the consumption of drugs. Many awareness programs have been conducted in each and every part of the country. Retreat centers are open throughout the nation for helping the drug victims. In this assignment next we have to assess the impact of culture on healthcare. Culture can be defined is the way people live. It is natural that culture affects everything we think and do, from how we look after our elders, to whom we are allowing to be a healer, and to what we do when our children are not feeling well. Culture plays an important role in our lives. Like our genes shape our health, so does culture does. The way we define ourselves culturally influences what we will do for others health. So it can be understood that a good health care provider recognizes all these facts and tries to learn about the different cultures of his or her patients. It is not possible to summarize the cultural behavior of patients. It varies from one patient to other. Culture is a vast area. There is a variation that exists among individual members of a cultural group. Learning about general health beliefs and customs of an area would prove to be good while dealing with the patients of that are a. It also provides the health cares with experience. Next is assessing the impact of society with healthcare. Society and healthcare are related deeply together. Any society with ill people wont lead to development of society. If the society consists of healthy people, then they can lead the society and their nation towards development. Even though Britain is one of the greatest developed nations in the world, it is now the biggest drug user in Europe. Due to this addiction towards drugs different kinds of social and economic disaster can happen. For those drugs which no remedial measures were taken. Reducing its effect requires commitment from the area such as social, political, and economic across industries and governments and also through unique public-private partnerships. These three above mentioned factors force the governing and relevant non-governmental authorities on stream of continual decisions. Not depending on if the need for decisions is adequately there or addressed, unnecessary issues can promote the growth of drug add icts. Nowadays strategies were developed with regard to the research and development that is for preservations of pathogens and how they preserved. To the enhancement of preservation the wellbeing of researchers and the peoples around them these steps were taken and also to ensure the integrity of the surrounding environment. Next we have to analyze the attitudes towards healthcare. The organization also deals with other important aspects like providing care for older patients, teamwork in teaching process and making awareness and giving training to new comers in the organization. They provide motivation to the drug addicts to live in a normal way and they motivate them to join the organization and save other victims of the drug. To determine the attitudes of healthcare and healthcare workers baseline surveys are conducted. As a result they obtain attitudes of public towards healthcare and they can assess and analyze the progress of their work. Most students in each group of the organization profession agreed that the disciplinary teamwork approach benefits patients and tries to effectively utilize the time for any productive purpose. Several studies conducted have estimated that physicians attitudes towards prevention, cure and barriers to the delivery of preventive health strategies are effective. All t hat they require is the cooperation of the people, so that they can change the face of the drowning world. A standard can be considered as a level of quality against which performance can be measured. These are essential in healthcare sector to ensure safe and effective practice. Developing and maintaining the quality of services provided by the organization is a major objective for those involved in the planning, provision, delivery and review of health and social care services since there exists unacceptable variation in the quality of services provided, including timeliness of delivery and the ease of access. Next we have to evaluate the cultural and social impacts on and attitudes towards healthcare in NDPA organization. The organization is highly influenced by cultural impacts. They study the different cultures that exist in the current society and work accordingly to save the society from the hands of drugs. Learning about general health beliefs and customs of an area would prove to be good while dealing with the patients of that area. It also provides the health cares with experience. In case of social impacts we have to consider a variety of facts. Drug addiction the cause for most of the economic and social disruption or disaster. Factors such as political, social and economic make governments and relevant non-governmental authorities upon continuous stream of decisions. NDPA organization has held a great attitude towards healthcare sector. They have taken the initiative to save the people of the nation from dying. They have always held appositive attitude towards healthcare. Depend ing upon the interest of public that makes some way into social organization and decision policy are made. All that they require is the cooperation of the people, so that they can change the face of the drowning world. Net we have to analyze how healthcare policy is translated into practice in the organization. Translating the healthcare policy clinical practice is a valuable initiative for services for health so that the care given to the patient is efficient, cost-effective, and improves patient satisfaction. The studies show that on implementing and disseminating protocols, clinical practice guidelines. The objective is to identify the factors that influence healthcare and to present key international studies on them. Existing system for healthcare was examined to the formation of a plan for the research in future. As a result, various methods of healthcare policy translation are described like clinical pathways, clinical practice guidelines and protocols, a model for incorporating research based on normal and usual questions, partnerships between organizations, and implementation strategies that allow the translation of policies to practice. A lot of fund is required in translating policies to practice which are acquired by the organization in various ways as discussed above. Future research is needed on translating health care policy in the different areas like the best theoretical approaches, barriers, good strategies for nurses , the quality of empowerment approaches, the consequences of international collaboration, the mentors value etc. Next task is to analyze the organizations involved in health care in a national and international context. One of such an organization is the NDPA organization. Finance needed for the health care in developing countries is created by the countries themselves. International health organizations in the developed countries only provide less than 5% of the total needs for healthcare in the developing world. It is important to find that the percentage of costs needed for the healthcare donated by the developed world is greater than the 5% average in the countries which are very poorer. Local health professionals are getting expert technical advice and training from international health organizations. These organizations produce the major documents in tropical health they also produce the most important guidelines for health care workers. Other international organizations in healthcare sector are World Health Organization (WHO) which is the premier international organization for health. Th e Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) works as the regional field office for WHO. The World Bank is the next major intergovernmental agency related to the UN related to healthcare. The United Nation Childrens Fund (UNICEF) spends the most of its program budget on health care. The United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) allocated $141 million, out of a total budget for field expenditures of $1 billion, to health, education, employment. Its major health concerns are AIDS, maternal and child nutrition, and excessive maternal mortality. Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) gives health aid to war and natural disaster victims. Next task is to analyze the structure of healthcare delivery in NDPA organization. How health care is organized and delivered in a national context is dealt with the structural delivery of healthcare system. It includes many practical barriers like accessibility in terms of social and transport issues, funding issues, private health insurance cost, cost of treatment, safety issues, for example, in war, conflict or natural disaster areas. The organization has a chief member or director who controls all the functioning of the organization. He will be having subordinate that control sub organizations. All together they function effectively in a practical manner to achieve their goals. It exists within all levels of healthcare organizations. Beyond directives importance is given to improving health status. Next task is to assess the practical barriers that are found in any health organization like NDPA for their health care policy. Healthcare delivery systems are filled with barriers to health communication in all the levels. Linguistic and language barriers in health communication sectors must be overcome. It exists within all levels of healthcare organizations. Language barriers influences mostly while access within a healthcare delivery system that is access, quality of care, health outcomes and self-efficiency especially. Studies that try to create standards and methods for developing information of the patients which is usable by most patients are needed. The studies must address both the written information and the simplification so that it can match the reading skills of patients and also its cross-cultural application. The major health communication loophole in the structure of care as it feels to patients lies in what is incorrectly termed linguistic appropriateness which alwa ys takes into consideration translation of language and other elements of health communication are not taken. There are mainly cultural barriers that include health beliefs and behaviors and practitioners beliefs and behaviors. Next are geographic barriers that include rural health professional shortage areas. Then comes organizational barriers. Another barrier is socioeconomic barriers that include poor education, lack of health insurance, inability to pay money out of pocket. The national and international socio political issues that are always present in promotion of health care is discussed here. They are considered as crucial issues, since sometimes they oppose the functioning of healthcare organization. Political factors deal with public health access and allocation of resources, prevention programs access, treatment related topmost-exposure interventions and prophylaxis. Impact is made by international political factors in including some educational programs to detection of support, evaluation and response, also limited to information technology and telecommunications infrastructure to create links with highly risky places of the world. Migrations of people, increased trade and travel, food consumption patterns, sexual practices, new medical practices, human conflict, and the deliberate use of pathogens for hostile purposes includes the social factors, these are behavioral activities. Economic factors arise from lack of financial investment in resear ch and development of processes; produce certain tasks such as training, procedures, technology etc. . Factors that related to economy constitute lack of support for a large number of programs that are beneficial such as public-private partnerships, market incentives to development of interventions. Next task is to asss impact of international campaigns and national policies on the demand for healthcare. Various international campaigns are conducted in United Kingdom to secure the creation of a universal health care system. Campaign organizers used a framework to organize thousands of people in support of universal health care. In response to this effort, the state legislature passed health care legislation that incorporates human rights principles. It provides a framework for universal health care. By forming international campaigns it is possible to make people aware about the international issues that are possible in health care area. International campaigns and national policies allow the natives to understand the importance of health care and they make people work against the activities that affect the health of people. The organization has adopted international human rights policy for the betterment of the people. It has been the main topic of their campaign. They also ana lyses the health care reform bill. Healthcare Is a Human Right Campaign (HCHR) was a campaign conducted in association with the organization. By framing health care as a human right, the center organized thousands of states that had no prior involvement with political campaigning. This led the center making it possible to change the political environment and force the state legislature to enact rules that will lead to universal health care. Next task is to evaluate the role of health promotion in determining healthcare service demand in a national setting. Health care industry takes the nations major financial resources. For facilitating evidence of quality controls and improvements it has come under immense pressure. Current health care consumer is now better educated and the best informed with increased knowledge. Impact of patient perception is the one aspect of health care quality that is mostly being recognized. Even though it depends more on healthcares service aspects it also correlates very well with health care quality objective measures. Ultimately delivered quality of health care can be dependent on ability of the health care organization to satisfy demand of the customer for convenience and information. The health care service sector is complex with multiple faces and different phases of organization. Health care system management has been relatively not sufficient before, making customers on the outside of the design of the product, incoherent and supply driven, development and also the delivery process. Many physicians think that the current emphasis on quality is not really aimed at improving health of the patient. Nowadays there is a change to an organization model in which the customer has importance and they influences every function and managers must look forward and make use of it and be instrumental in establishing a change within the entire system to focus on the quality. Next task is identifying contemporary issues in health care of the organization. Nowadays whooping cough cases rises in England. As ministers pass the buck and applications for taking children into care continue to rise, councils problems just keep growing. There were volunteers translating health messages from English into local languages and thus providing a vital service for Non-Government Organizations and freeing up thousands of extra dollars to be used for medical aid. There are many policy issues that are contemporary in the financing and delivery of health care services. The role of bureaucratic agencies, legislative committees, interest groups and major health care policies are analyzed for obtaining information such as how to deal with the issues of the health care sector. Problems that related to quality of death and life gets its importance. This is broadly classified to include infant mortality, AIDS policy, occupational safety, government regulation of consumer products , and fiscal issues such as national health insurance, prospective payment, and the rationing of health care. More attention will be given to the legislative and political aspects of these various policy areas, ethical issues will also be considered because they are unavoidable. Next task is evaluating the impact of these issues on national and international policy discussed above. There are growing dependence between security, health policy and foreign policy so that with developments in these fields having much importance for health in the United Kingdom and globally. The major issue in foreign policy was always health so as its prominence increases, the need of assessment is important if it is appropriately prioritised and how on the national basis the government interacts with business and civil society. Efforts to improve preparedness for acting against all the activities that affects the health of society and policies for tobacco control provides examples where health is highly mixed with high politics. Since 1th September 2001, health and development agenda has also been widely linked with the international policy priorities of preventing state failure and improving global security. The main security issue was become the health and foreign policy for a range of actors both inside and outside government. Policy-makers before think that rather distant fields of security, health and foreign policy must try to consider each others work as they are met by the play of issues at the global level. Implications of globalisation for health now are considered as the international issue. Next task is to evaluate practical responses to contemporary issues that are discussed above. The main method to avoid all the issues is to create public awareness among people. They must be aware of the hazards that might occur due to activities that lead to lesser health of people in society. They must try to make other people aware about the problems that might occur due to careless living of their lives. Health care policy managements must be created in every area of the nation to administer the health aspects in those areas. Current international and national healthcare issues are identified and they must be treated accordingly for the betterment of the society. The current health care consumer is now better educated and the best informed with increased knowledge. International political factors can have an Impact made by international political factors includes limited or non-existent educational activities to support identification and verification, detection, and response. In this assignment a research related to the organization in health care sector is conducted. The political, social and cultural issues are identified. Analyzed the importance of health care policy. It helped to critically assess the policies and aspects of the organization.

Personal Philosophy: Child Development and Teaching Essay -- Teaching

Personal Philosophy Introduction Child development is divided into four areas of development; social / emotional, physical (motor), cognitive, and language. Typically children develop in a sequence of stages in each area. Although development normally follows the same series of stages, there are individual differences in what age each stage occurs. Development in part depends on the experiences a child encounters. According to Wardle (2004), young children learn from their total experience in a program. For example, children not only learn during teacher directed activities, they also learn while playing in interest areas, on the playground, while riding the bus, or during meals. Vygotsky saw the child as part of an active social world in which communication with others and self speech help the child understand the world around him/her. (Lefton, 2000). Another area that is crucial to a child’s development is the involvement of the child’s parent is his or her education. In order to be an effective teacher one must have a general understanding of all areas of development, the role the parents have in a child’s education, the importance of play on the child’s success, and the role the teacher plays in all of this. Physical (Motor) Development Physical development proceeds from head downward and from the body outward. An infant develops control of the head first. In the next few months, the infant will be able to use their arms to lift themselves up. Between six and twelve months, the infant is able to crawl, stand, or walk as they gain control of the legs. Movement dominates the first year of toddlerhood. beginning with the skills he / she develops as an infant. During this period, todd... ... obtain the language ability necessary for later success in life. Works Cited: Brown, K. and Fitzpatrick, T. and Morrison, G. (2004, Fall). Involving Diversity in Classrooms Through Family Involvement. Dimensions. 11-16. Arkansas. Southern Early Childhood Association. Charlesworth, R. (2004). Understanding Child Development (6th ed.). New York. Thomas Delmar Learning Inc. Dodge, D. , Colker, L., and Heroman, C. (2002) The Creative Curriculum for Preschoolers (4th ed).Washington, D.C. Teaching Strategies Riddle, E. (1999, March 8). Lev Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web; http://www.kihd.gmu.edu. Wardle, F. (2004, Summer). A Look At Curriculum. Children and Families p.54. Alexandria, Virginia. National Head Start Association.

The Algarve is Portugal’s southern coast

The Algarve is Portugal's southern coast. It is about a hundred miles of marvellous sandy beaches. Most of the beaches round here have red lined cliffs and have unusual rock formations. The villages you find amongst the coasts are unspoilt and have spectacular views. Where ever you go you will find a great variety of bars, restaurants and cafes. The food round this part of Portugal is very cheap compared to other countries. You only have to spend a little money to eat out and enjoy your self. The nightlife here is fantastic and has a very energetic atmosphere. The rugged coastlines here are dazzling And have a very weird kind of atmosphere to them. Costa del Sol is quite famous for its towers and battles that took place in this historic place. The countryside here is studded with these towers and castles and between them tiny towns with huge fields filled with orchards of olive trees and other great delicacy's that this great city has to offer. After a tiring day you can go back to your apartment that is gigantic. (They include bathrooms and kitchens). The nightlife here can get a bit over crowded at times and this city has a tendency to get a bit over ecstatic. The people here are really friendly and help the visitors to fit in. Ibiza is the third largest of the Balearic Islands. Ibiza is renowned for its nightlife and partying that goes on on this island. The beaches here are glorious and the cliffs here are even better. The resorts here are magnificent but I suggest that you go and have a lie down on the boiling beach and after that go for a dip in the refreshing sea. The nightlife here is the best out of all the places I have been and I would like to go again. There are huge clubs that you can go to to have a good time and hang around with your friends or family. Ibiza is a place for young and old people and has a huge variety of sports and water sports that you can take part in. Tenerife is in the Canary Islands and is a great place to go to get a tan and enjoy yourself. The south of Tenerife under the cloudless sky the landscape is desert like. This is where two major holiday resorts have emerged. (Paya de Los Americas and Los Cristianos). From these magnificent places you can see the titanic sized mount Teide. This mountain is actually a volcano and at 3,700m high is Spain's highest peak. Tenerife gives off a fabulous 74-84à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½F right through April up until August when the temperature drops a little. The views here are tremendous and have to be seen. You can go trekking on the hills and see the sites and sounds. Rhodes is in Greece. Legend has it that Rhodes was a gift from Zeus to the sun god Helios and any holidaymaker will know why, its magnificent sunshine. Rhodes is known for its speciality of seafood. Rhodes has some of the best restaurants in Greece. There are many villages in Rhodes and most of them are covered with small roads and large trees scattered in the vast open fields. The cliffs are humongous and you can often find large caves in water and above. The Hotels are so big and spacious that you don't have to worry that a rooms going to be too small. The climate here is very good and can be extremely hot in the summers.

Hrm – Motivation and Performance

2. Why is human resource management in general and employee motivation in particular, critical to performance yet challenging for managers? How can managers ensure that they encourage a motivated workforce? Using articles from literature and practical examples develop comprehensive answers to these questions. In today’s corporate environment, there is little room for managers to become nonchalant about their critical role in an organisations growth and development. Human Resource Management (HRM) is an innovative concept that is being employed by businesses all over the world as a measure to remain competitive, or achieve greater competitive advantage, in their respective industries. This essay will discuss what HRM is generally thought to be and involve, and why it is so essential at this point in time for organisations to adopt as an essential part of their business strategy. Employee motivation is a critical aspect of HRM as it relates to employee performance and therefore overall organisational performance. The hardships faced by managers when trying to implement strategies for employee motivation will be observed, as will the strengths and weaknesses of some possible approaches to obtaining and maintaining a motivated workforce. The Importance of HRM. Many organisations have observed the growing need to implement good HRM practices that are continually updated and improved. Broadly defined, â€Å"HRM refers to activities undertaken to attract, develop and maintain an effective workforce within an organisation† (Samson & Daft, 2005). When we break down this definition into its key elements, it can be seen that HRM is extremely complex and involves many dimensions including, but not limited to, competitive pressure, changing social contract, the labour market, new ways of working and stakeholder engagement (Barsky, 2006, Lecture 7). These elements all play a major role in determining how effective an organisation is in its respective field and how it reacts to changes in its competitive environment. Kramer, McGraw and Schuler (1997) assert that in more recent times, competitive advantage is obtained by how an organisation manages its human esources (HR) as opposed to its management of information technology or ‘strategic positioning’. The Australian Federal Police (AFP) are a prime example of an organisation who have been able to effectively integrate positive HRM practices in order to work towards an organisational goal of having a safer country by reducing heroin intake to the point of a ‘drau ght’, as well as obtaining a high rate of employee satisfaction (91%) recorded in 2003 (Way, 2004). It is organisations who strive to give their employees opportunities to further develop and add to their skills base that are seen as advantageous leaders throughout the economy. Further research has shown that â€Å"effective HRM has a positive impact on organisational performance, including higher employee productivity and stronger financial performance. † (Delaney & Huselid, 1996). Ultimately, by managing HR effectively, employers are able to ensure that employees are reasonably satisfied with their job and will in turn strive to achieve their best for their respective employer. Employee motivation in relation to HRM. Behaviour of any kind is often motivated by some force, be it internal or external. Motivation provokes â€Å"enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action† (Samson & Daft, 2005), and is a key aspect of a managers role in ensuring that their workforce continue to do their assigned jobs well and productively. Barsky (2006) emphasises the concept that motivation involves a few key aspects. Individual needs create a desire to realize these needs, behaviour is characterised by such needs, and rewards ultimately gratify individuals. Finally, feedback is used to determine if the actions undertaken to satisfy particular needs were appropriate and can be employed again at another time. Because motivation in the workforce involves employees, it can be directly linked with HRM. Such linkage suggests that all managers, particularly HRM managers, play a vital role in ensuring that their workforce remains motivated. There are several approaches to managing motivation. Samson & Daft focus in particular on four agreed approaches including the traditional, human relations, human resource and contemporary approaches. Traditionally, money was seen as a great form of motivation, whereby workers were paid based on he â€Å"quality and quantity of their work outputs† (Samson & Daft, 2005). The human relations approach regards social factors as more important than monetary values, while human resources is an extension of this approach stating that employees themselves are of great importance to an organisation and can make valued contributions towards performance. More recently, the contemporary approach is divided into content, process and reinforcement theories and tend s to cover all of the above aspects of motivation in greater depth with even more emphasis on employee contribution. If employees are not motivated to perform for their respective employees, an organisation can suffer from poor productivity and an overall despondent atmosphere. ‘Sandstrom Products’, a paints and coatings manufacturer, were faced with such a problem when employees began to feel as if they had little or no say or control within the organisation. Leo Henkelman had started out in the lowest job in the plant but had gradually worked his way up to a higher, more respected position of mill operator. However, when he made suggestions for improvement, his ideas were met with little enthusiasm from higher management. He was no longer motivated to perform productively for Sandstrom and became disinterested in his work, as did many other of the companies employees. Needless to say, productivity and profits declined and Sandstrom were forced to change their managerial processes to allow for a more open, trustworthy relationship between employee and employer. Such a change gave Henkelman the respect he craved and now says â€Å"that it would be difficult to work for another employer† (Whitford, 1995). Challenges of employee motivation for managers. Perhaps one of the most difficult challenges a manager can face when motivating employees is the reality that â€Å"people differ not only in their ability to do but also their ‘will to do’† (Hersey & Blanchard, 1977). It is not easy to define exactly what will motivate different people to do certain jobs, for example some people are motivated by money, power, recognition or other incentives such as extra holidays or sick-leave, whilst others are motivated by a more socially responsible need to help others. It is up to management to determine what those motivations might be for the people they have hired and how they might fairly and adequately utilise them in order to gain trust, reliability and increased productivity from their employees. The main idea is that â€Å"organisations offer ‘inducements’ and employees offer ‘contributions’† (March & Simon, 1958). So by offering employees something that they want or need, employers expect to receive positive inputs from their employees. It is in determining what ‘inducements’ to offer that can ‘make or break’ an organisation. Many organisations are faced at some point in time, with the challenge of changing existing processes and procedures because they are no longer working as effectively as they should. When trying to increase motivation, there are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. Organisational goals are the foundation on which such changes should occur; however a careful look at an organisations HR and motivators is perhaps secondary to this function. Steve and Dianne Warren, co-owners of Katzinger’s Delicatessen, tried to implement a change to open-book management involving sharing financial rewards with employees if performance improved. However, the fact that many of their employees were young and not committed to a long-term career with Katzinger meant that they believed they could do little to change productivity in the short-term. Thus, motivation was low because the Warrens had not clearly looked at their HR to see what their wants and needs were (Hofman, 1998). Ensuring a motivated workforce. There is no set way to ensure that an organisation will have and be able to maintain a motivated and effective workforce. There are however models for prescribing what peoples needs generally are such as physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem and self-actualisation (Samson & Daft, 2005). Abraham Maslow (Wallace & Szilagyi, 1982) placed the above needs in a hierarchical structure with physiological needs at the bottom followed respectively by the four other prescribed needs. It is generally recognised that lower-level needs should be satisfied before higher-order needs. When basic needs are fulfilled, other needs emerge and tend to change the motivation and behaviour of an individual. As we reach the higher-level needs we tend to see a vast difference in a persons motivation to work and achieve well. Physiological needs are perhaps the simplest needs to provide for, as this is directly related to monetary units, or how much a person is paid for their work. As we move higher however, it becomes more difficult for managers to pinpoint exactly what to provide for employees in order to satisfy higher-level needs. For many people there may be a slight skew as to the order of their needs based on personality or the particular field of work they are in. Fortune (1985) discusses several business men and women who are typically motivated by differing desires such as listening to client needs, monetary rewards in the form of commissions, the idea that they are ‘helping’ others, or the need to learn from a current situation that is not particularly idyllic. A good manager needs to be able to tap into such motivators and apply them to their respective workforce. CEO Rob Rodin of Marhsall Industries was highly criticised by colleagues and friends when deciding to remove a commissions based pay program for his electronic distributions company in 1992. Instead, he introduced profit sharing whereby everyone’s salary was the same percentage based on company performance. Rodin says that â€Å"productivity per person has almost tripled, and the system is more right today than it was six years ago. People no longer mask real results by shipping early in order to meet quotas or rearranging costs from quarter to quarter so as to make budget. He also believes trust has developed immensely because everyone is there to help each other, not make a large profit for themselves (Colvin, 1998). Rodin carefully looked at his company and was able to see that there was no sense of teamwork or responsibility within Marshall Industries, and that by pro viding the opportunity of profit sharing he was able to promote a sense of equity and fairness within the organisation. Ultimately, a company’s capability in recruiting, training and keeping top-quality employees is a complex process that involves much analysis and continual assessment. HRM is the field from which motivation stems and relates to any aspect involving people within a workforce, and a motivated workforce is a key strategy in obtaining and keeping elite employees. Motivation must therefore be viewed as highly important by any organisation that wishes to keep productivity high and maintain a strong position in the economy now, and in the future. References: Barsky, A. , (2006). Managing People and Organisations, Lecture 7, The University ofMelbourne. Colvin, G. (Aug 1998). What Money Makes You Do. Fortune. Vol. 138, Iss. 4; p213. Delaney, J. T. , Huselid, M. A. (1996). The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Perceptions of Organisational Performance, Academy of Management Journal. Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. (1977). Management of Organisational Behaviour: UtilisingHuman Resources, 3rd ed. , Prentice-Hall. Hofman, M. (1998, July). Everyone’s a Cost Cutter. Inc. , p116. Kramer, R. , McGraw, P. , Schuler, R. S. (1997). Human Resource Management inAustralia, 3rd ed. , Longman. March, J. G. , Simon, H. A. (1958). Organisations. New York: Wiley. Samson, D. , Daft R. L. (2005). Management, 2nd ed. , Thomson. Wallace, M. J. , Szilagyi, A. D. (1982). Managing Behaviour in Organisations, Scott,Foresman and Company. Way, N. , (2004, 2-8 September). Feds Democratic Revolution, Business Review Weekly. Whitford, D. (1995, June). Before & After. Inc. , pp. 44–50.

Why Go Back to School Essay Example

Why Go Back to School Essay Example Why Go Back to School Essay Why Go Back to School Essay Today it has become increasingly difficult to find a job. We are in the process of coming out of a recession that has done some damage to employers, employees, and potential employees. As an Emergency Medical Technician I am currently unemployed due to this recession. It has become difficult to find a decent job with only a high school diploma. Majority of the jobs I have applied for have turned me down due to the fact that I have no college degree. I have decided to return to school so that I may not only better myself but so that I may find better job opportunities. Going back to school and receiving a college degree is my number one priority. In the process of job hunting I chose to attend online college classes. Doing so allows me the time to apply to job opportunities and work on earning a college degree. With the benefits of earning a college degree it will allow me to pursue a career in Criminal Justice; an area I have been interested in for quiet some time. I enjoy helping others and even though I am an Emergency Medical Technician and I take part in assisting others, I want to do more. Some people ask me numerous times why don’t I become a doctor or a nurse. Well I do not see myself excelling in those professions. My goal is to receive a Bachelor’s in Criminal Justice. When I reach that point I will have multiply careers to choose from. By that I mean that it gives me many opportunities such as working with juveniles, becoming a parole officer to becoming a member of a forensics team. The lists of possibilities are endless yet fulfilling. I know that in order for me to reach my goal I will have to make some life-style changes. I tend to always put others first and sometimes doing so makes me put myself on hold. I need to change that and put myself first if I want to excel in college. An important and major change that I must make is to set up a schedule and allow myself a time frame to study and complete all assignments on time. When it comes to studying I tend to procrastinate and wait last minute. If I want to be successful in my pursuit of a college education, I will need to remain motivated, focused, and dedicated. Those three things will play a key role in my education. My motivation for returning to school is my family. By family I am talking about my parents and siblings. My parents have always said they are proud of me no matter what career path I may take. I know they are proud of me but I feel that by earning a college degree I will make them very proud since I will become only the second person in my entire family to graduate college. My brother is my source for motivation and inspiration. He remained focused and completely dedicated throughout his college years and now he is a successful businessman working for Amazon. He pushes me to be all that I am. He is constantly reassuring me that hard work pays off and that if he can do it, I most certainly can too. Having family as a support system is one of the greatest things in life. It is reassuring to know that if I fall they will be there lifting me back up and pushing me forward. My ambition and dedication is what will get me through my college experience. There are more positives to the situation than there will ever be negative. The positives that stick out is a new beginning, a new and exciting career, and a chance to better myself. I will be providing myself with job security, which is something I have longed for. Choosing to go to Ashford University is one of the best decisions I have made in my life thus far. Just by signing up for classes I am putting myself one step closer to my college degree. I will remain positive, focused, and without a doubt dedicated to providing myself a better life. After all, I have already completed an important step. I am now a proud Ashford University student and each day I am becoming closer to reaching my goal of finally receiving a colleg e degree.

International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essays

International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essays International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essay International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essay International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography BY MBRO International Responsibility and Liability 1. Responsibility of States 2. Responsibility of International Organizations 3. International Liability 1. 1 General Works In addition to chapters on responsibility of principal textbooks on international law, the following works specialized in responsibility are useful. D. Anzilotti, La responsabilit? © internationale des Etats ? ¤ raison des dommages soufferts par des ? ©trangers, RGDIP, t. 13 (1906), pp. 5-29. R. Ago, Le d? ©lit internationale, RCADI, t. 8 1939-11), pp. 41 5-554. l. Brownlie, System of the Law of Nations, State Responsibility, Part 1 (Clarendon Press, 1983). SFDI colloque du mans: La responsabilit? © dans le syst? ©me international (Pedone, 1991). R. Provost ed. , State Responsibility in International Law (Ashgate, 2002). II-JE Colloque international de Florence 7 et8 decembre 2001 : Obligations multilat? ©rales, droit imp? ©ratif et reponsab ilit? © internationale des Etats (Pedone, 2003). James Crawford, Alain Pellet, and Simon Olleson eds. , The Law of International Responsibility (OUP, 2010). 1. Travaux r? ©paratoires 1. 2. 1 League of Nations Official Documents The Report of Subcommittee: League of Nations Publ. C. 46. M. 23. 1926. V Conclusions of the Report of the Subcommittee of the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law (Guerrero Report)(1926): C. 196. M. 70. 1927. V Bases of Discussion Drawn up by the Preparatory Committee of the Hague Codification Conference (1929): C. 75. M. 69. 1929. V Texts Adopted in the First Reading by the Third Committee of the Codification Conference: C. 351(c). M. 145(c). 1930. V Privately edited travaux pr? ©paratoires S. Rosenne ed. , League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law (1925-1928), Vol. l (Minutes), Vol. 2 (Documents) (Oceana, 1972). including documents prepared by the Preparatory Committee, such as the Bases of Discussion. S. Rosenne ed. , League of Nations Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930), Vols. 3-4 (Oceana, 1975). including official records of the conference 1. 2. 2 United Nations Analytical Guide to the Work of the International Law Commission: http:// ntreaty. n. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm 9. 6 State Responsibility Introductions, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press, 2002 1. 2. 3. Others Institut de Droit International, International Responsibility of States for Injuries on Their Territory to the Person or Property of Foreigners, Annuaire de Ilnstitut (Session de Lausanne), 1927. Institut de Droit International, Obligations and Rights Erga Omnes in Intern ational Law, Annuaire de Ilnstitut (Session de Krakow), 2005. Draft Rules prepared by the Kokusaiho-gakkwai (lAssociation de Droit International du Japon), in conjunction with the Japanese Branch of the International Law Association, with the view of contributing towards the Progressive Codification of International Law, as planned by the League of Nations Resolution, September 1924, Journal of International Law and Diplomacy, vol. 25, no. 6, 1926, pp. 599-648. Draft Convention and Comments on Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens Prepared by the Research in International Law of the Harvard Law School, Supplement to the American Journal of International Law, vol. 3, Special Number (1929). the so-called Harvard Draft, which includes various private draft conventions and reactions of States in its apppendix. Draft Convention Prepared by Professors Louis B. Sohn and R. R. Baxter (Harvard Law School)(1961): F. V. Garcia-Amador, Louis B. Sohn and R. R. Baxter ed. , Recent Codification of the Law of State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens (Oceana, 1974). Inter-American Conference, American Postulates Formulated by the I nter-American Juridical Committee (1961): Doc. OEA/Ser. Nl. 2, CU-61 1. 3 Jurisprudence Digest of the Decisions of International Tribunals relating to State Responsibility, Prepared by the Secretariat, A/CN. 4/169, YILC 1964-11. Supplement, Prepared by the Secretariat, to the Digest of the Decisions of International Tribunals relating to State Responsibility, A/CN. 4/208, YILC 1969-11. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Compilation of Decisions of International Courts, Tribunals and other Bodies, Report of the Secretary-General, A/62/62 and Add. a compilation of Judicial decisions referring to the ILC draft articles or its first reading text. 1. 4 Bibliography State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts (Part 1). Principal in the Reports of Mr. Ago. Document Prepared by the Secretariat, A/CN. 4/318/Add. 8, YILC H. H. R. van Hamel, La responsabilit? © internationale de lEtat: bibliographie s? ©lective pr? ©par? ©e par la bibliotheque du P alas de la Paix, La Haye (Centre d? ©tude et de recherche de lAcad? ©mie de droit international de La Haye, 1982). M. Spinedi, Bibliography on the Codification of State Responsibility by the United Nations, 1973-1985, M. Spinedi and B. Simma eds. , United Nations Codification of State Responsibility (Oceana, 1987), p. 395. J. Crawford, Select Bibliography, The International Law Commissions Articles on State Responsibility: Introductions, Text and Commentaries, (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 368. bibliography of works published basically after 1995. Bibliographie s? ©lective sur la responsabilit? © internationale des Etats pour manquement aux obligations multilat? ©rales Obligations multilat? ©rales, droit imp? ©ratif et reponsabilit? © internationale des Etats (Pedone, 2003), p. 241. bibliography of works dealing with the invocation of the responsibility of States arising from violations of obligations erga omnes. 2. 1 General Works Can International Organizations be Controlled? Accountability and Responsibility, ASIL Proceedings, 2003. M. Zwanenburg, Accountability of Peace Support Operations (NiJhoff, 2005). P. Klein, La responsabilit? © des organisations internationales (Bruylant, 1998). 2. 2 Travaux pr? ©paratoires 2. 2. 1 United Nations untreaty. un. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm Responsibility of international organizations 2. 2. 2 Private Codifications The Legal Consequences for Member States of the Non-fulfilment by International Organizations of their Obligations towards Third Parties, 66-11 Annuaire de Ilnstitut e Droit International (1996) Accountability of International Organizations, ILA Seventy-First Report: Berlin Conference (2004) 3. General Works K. Zemanek, Causes and Forms of International Liability, in Bin Cheng and E. D. Brown ed. Contemporary Problems of International Law: Essays in Honor of Georg Schwarzenberger on his Eightieth Birthday (Stevens Sons, 1988), pp. 319-333. J. Barboza, The Saga of Liability in the International Law Commission, Melanges offerts a Hubert Thierry: L evolution du droit international (Pedone, 1998), pp. 5-22. G. Lysen, State Responsibility a nd International Liability of States for Lawful Acts (Forfattaren och lustus Forlag, 1997) 3. Travaux pr? ©paratoires untreaty. un. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law Sub-divided into * International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law (prevention of trans boundary damage from hazardous activities) by international law (international liability in case of loss from trans boundary harm arising out of hazardous activities)

A Study On Islamic Architecture History Essay

A Study On Islamic Architecture History Essay Construction of the  Great Mosque at Cordoba   marks the beginning of Islamic architecture in the  Iberian Peninsula. Muslims as well as the Christians consider it a wonder of the medieval ages. At the site of a Christian Visigothic Church, the construction of The Great Mosque of Cordoba began between 784 and 786. Abd ar-Rahman, who bought the church and his descendants, modified it over two centuries to transform it into a mosque, starting in 784. The mosque itself was built in four phases  and is observed as a trademark of sacred Islamic architecture. After taking over Cordoba in 1236, Ferdinand III king of Castile set apart the Great Mosque to be the city’s cathedral, Mezquita, and used it with negligible changes for the next three hundred years.   [ 1 ]    In 929, when Abd al-Rahman III declared himself caliph, the Spanish Umayyads had attained the peak of their supremacy. The caliph displayed his novel position by building, about 13 kilometres Northwest of Co rdoba, the palace city of Madinah al-Zahra, with its focus to impress the world and exhibit its massive military. He made it his empire’s managerial and legislative headquarters. The construction in Medina al-Zahra proceeded swiftly, particularly since Abd al-Rahman III put in one third of the state revenues in its progression. Finally, he brought in the largest and most grand secular venture of his period, which stayed matchless irrespective of the numerous cities founded until its end. As the caliphate fell in the 11th century, the city then was sacked and smoldered. The new Minister of Calipf Hisham II, Vizir-ul-Mansur shifted his attention towards the east of Cordoba and abandon the city during his reign. Later, the Berber troops destroyed this palace-city in 1010.   [ 2 ]    Iconography The Great Cordoba Mosque is most renowned for its giant arches, with 856 columns of  onyx,  marble  and  granite. These legendary arches were made from remains of the Roman te mple which had occupied the spot previously as well as other ruined Roman buildings As most of these components were different sizes, their amalgamation into an articulate piece, was in itself a major architectural achievement. The double arches were a novel introduction to architecture and helped carry the tremendous weight of the high ceilings. However, the hypostyle architecture consists of a rectangular prayer hall with extraordinary manifestation of its interior and an enclosed courtyard. The prayer Hall had aisles upright to Qibla and a wall showing the direction of the Qibla. The mosque also has luxuriously gilded prayer niches for the elites with a centrally located dome has blue tiles ornamented with stars. The Mihrab is a masterpiece of architectural skill, with geometric and fluid floral designs. The most opulent interior ornament is positioned in the maqsura, the prayer space reserved for the ruler, which was specially customized for the caliph, al-Hakam II. Screens crea ted of highly structured intersecting cloisters separate the maqsura evidently from the rest of the prayer hall. The main hall of the mosque came into use for a variety of purposes. It served as a central hall for teaching, and to manage law and order, during the tenet of Abd-Al-Rahman. The walls of the mosque were indulged in carved Quranic inscriptions. Some of the most prominent features were an open court (sahn) surrounded by screens of wood, minarets, colourful mosaics, and windows of coloured glass.   [ 3 ]

Read Hamlet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Read Hamlet - Assignment Example His actions upon seeing Ophelia right after the ghost story tells that he is leaving her as described by Ophelia His actions show him giving bidding Ophelia farewell. His succeeding actions show indifference perhaps to hide his emotions of to help Ophelia get over him. He does not mention her in his soliloquy directly for he was talking in general terms. He does mention love and heartaches but such can refer to any other person. He was talking in generalities. He never did mention him after the funeral because he had other concerns more important than lamenting on loves lost. At the funeral he spoke these words: He merely acts as he is in order that his ways will not be questioned nor will it be banned or forbidden. By doing this he is within the castle walls and is able to observe the King. As they say, â€Å"it is good to keep your friends close but even better to keep your enemies closer.†When he was already making comments or observations the King was quick to make provisions to send him to England. Hamlet had a plan but he and the audience did not expect that it will end as such. Hamlet could not express a well laid plan to the audience for he was acting as a mad man. It is a technique in writing that keeps the audience in suspense as to what are the details of his real plan is or its execution? Even now as we read it, decades after it was written we are still left thinking and speculating. I believe he was not insane as evidenced by the fact that at his death he wanted Horacio to tell his cause and that he did right. He was right. The first is because these men are below him in rank. This being the case, they are no concern of his. As they say, Royalty and Servants do not mix.† But this is inconsistent with how he treats Rosencrantz and Guildenstern at the earlier part of the play. He calls them, Another probable reason is that Hamlet was already so engrossed in his present

Title ix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Title ix - Research Paper Example Furthermore, while Title IX legally prohibits discriminatory practices in state funded programs, it does not order the maintenance of strict ratio between the proportions the two genders in the institution’s athletic programs and its student body (Cohen v. Brown University). Furthermore, as far as the scope of Title IX is concerned, academic institutions have had to make tough decisions regarding which athletics programs fall within the scope of this law. The existing state of sports budget was such that in most institutions, the largest part of sports budgets were allocated to men’s athletics which did not reflect the percentage of men in the student body (Cohen v. Brown University). Keeping in view the above confusion, a law was passed in 1984 with respect to Title IX. In 1984 the U.S Supreme Court had passed the law that Title IX applied exclusively to those programs that were funded by state money (Cohen v. Brown University). This law was enforced in the context of Grove vs. City Bell (which shall be discussed later). This implied that discrimination was not illegal in activities or programs that were not funded by state money. This means that discrimination on the basis of gender in athletic sports would not be considered unlawful because very few of such programs are funded by the state or have funds allocated specifically for them. Additionally, athletic programs can be considered as subunits of an institution’s programs that receive state money for a wide range of reasons including funds for construction, student aids, feeding programs and research grants. The first case to be analyzed is the case of United States vs. Virginia. The Virginia Military Institute (VMI) has been noted for its lack of co-education and being an exclusively male undergraduate institute. This institution was sued by the United States with the argument that exclusive admissions to males were unconstitutional. This stance

Intermediate Econometrics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intermediate Econometrics - Coursework Example Let and denote their unadjusted counterparts. Then; The answer is FALSE; in loglinear regression analysis is used to describe the pattern of data in a contingency table. A model is constructed to predict the natural log of the frequency of each cell in the contingency table. For a 2x2 table, that means the model is . So we can always say, as a simple function, that the coefficient represents an increase in the log of predicted counts. If , for instance, we could say that this model shows that factor increases the predicted log count by 2 (all other factors held constant). The answer is TRUE; all the three tests (Wald test, Lagrange Multiplier, Likelihood ratio test) address the same basic question, which is, does constraining parameters to zero (i.e. leaving out the predictor variables) reduce the fit of the model? The null hypothesis for all three tests is that the smaller model is the "true" model, a large test statistics indicate that the null hypothesis is false. The only difference between the tests is how they go about answering that question. The graph below explains more on the relationship; The graph below illustrates what each of the three tests does. Along the (labelled ) are possible values of the parameter . Along the are the values of the log likelihood corresponding to those values of  a. The test compares the log likelihoods of a model with values of the parameter constrained to some value to a model where  Ã‚  is freely estimated. It does this by comparing the height of the likelihoods for the two models to see if the difference is statistically significant (having in mind, higher values of the likelihood indicate better fit). In the figure above, this corresponds to the vertical distance between the two dotted lines. In contrast, the Wald test compares the parameter estimate  Ã‚  to  ; where  Ã‚  is the value of  Ã‚  under the null hypothesis, which generally states that  . If  Ã‚  is significantly different

Industrial Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Industrial - Assignment Example The root level meaning of culture is to nurture and cultivate. Values and beliefs to certain extent cannot be differentiated since they are internal to an individual. Beliefs and values are most integral component within an individual that governs their overall behaviour. Values basically includes analyzing what is wrong or right and staying truthful to others. This factor greatly influences attitude and behaviour of a person. There are certain common values for business such as community involvement, innovation and fairness. Beliefs and values are in-built within an individual and this drives their overall culture. Values can also be incorporated by getting influenced by a social group. Every individual possesses a set of values and beliefs which one follows for life-long. Organizational culture, values and beliefs play a significant role in terms of building a corporate image. Culture clearly reflects the execution of business operations in an organization (Boxall and Purcell, 2003 ). Organizational value helps to structure set of behaviours which is shared amongst all team members. This aspect distinguishes one organization from others. Values not only enhance commercial value but even enable workforce importance in a firm. For instance, some companies are focused on achieving high performance standards and some are aligned with developing a participative work culture. Hence values are different in both these organizations and this creates different corporate images. This can be observed in real world scenario where some firms are regarded as high performance workplace and some companies are denoted as following appropriate work culture in terms of employee motivation or level of job satisfaction. An organization’s importance is totally dependent on its set of values and beliefs. For example, a firm can be inclined towards seeking high revenue margins whereas another firm might be closely knitted with achieving higher level of

Novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Novel - Essay Example The story of their destruction started from their elopement, which was decided because Manon was not accepted by Des Grieux’s father. On the other hand, â€Å"The Sorrows of young Werther† indicate class as a burden for Werther, who is unable to endure the difficulties of class. Werther develops a love for simplicity for peasants and likes their class. He is unable to endure the snobbishness of his own and upper classes. As far as â€Å"Silas Marner† is concerned, class is depicted by means of physical locations. The home of Silas Marner is the lowliest place while the home of Godfrey Cass is the highest place of the locality but in spite of all the riches, the wife of Godfrey is jealous of Silas and Eppie because she is unable to bear a child. All the three novels take class with a different perspective but all their perspectives are persuasive and influential in different places. The theme of class id dealt differently in each writing. Class is a reality that i s considered differently by all the three writers. The novel, Manon Lescaut, takes the theme of love and combines it to the theme of class. The example of class based society can be taken from the incident when Des Grieux has to make a decision to elope in order to marry his beloved, who belongs to a lower class family. Manon Lescaut is a story of a lover who leaves his noble and landed family because of his beloved. The protagonist of the novel le Chevalier Des Grieux belongs to a noble and rich family and his father keeps higher hopes with his son but with the passage of time, Des Grieux’s father is disappointed as Des Grieux elopes with her beloved, Manon Lescaut. At various occasions in the novel, there are indications of Manon Lescaut’s intention of leaving Des Grieux because of his lack of money (Arnold 1981). He belonged to a noble class but with the passage of time, he is unable to maintain his social status because he has left his hereditary wealth for his beloved, who was

Intermediate Econometrics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intermediate Econometrics - Coursework Example Let and denote their unadjusted counterparts. Then; The answer is FALSE; in loglinear regression analysis is used to describe the pattern of data in a contingency table. A model is constructed to predict the natural log of the frequency of each cell in the contingency table. For a 2x2 table, that means the model is . So we can always say, as a simple function, that the coefficient represents an increase in the log of predicted counts. If , for instance, we could say that this model shows that factor increases the predicted log count by 2 (all other factors held constant). The answer is TRUE; all the three tests (Wald test, Lagrange Multiplier, Likelihood ratio test) address the same basic question, which is, does constraining parameters to zero (i.e. leaving out the predictor variables) reduce the fit of the model? The null hypothesis for all three tests is that the smaller model is the "true" model, a large test statistics indicate that the null hypothesis is false. The only difference between the tests is how they go about answering that question. The graph below explains more on the relationship; The graph below illustrates what each of the three tests does. Along the (labelled ) are possible values of the parameter . Along the are the values of the log likelihood corresponding to those values of  a. The test compares the log likelihoods of a model with values of the parameter constrained to some value to a model where  Ã‚  is freely estimated. It does this by comparing the height of the likelihoods for the two models to see if the difference is statistically significant (having in mind, higher values of the likelihood indicate better fit). In the figure above, this corresponds to the vertical distance between the two dotted lines. In contrast, the Wald test compares the parameter estimate  Ã‚  to  ; where  Ã‚  is the value of  Ã‚  under the null hypothesis, which generally states that  . If  Ã‚  is significantly different

Novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Novel - Essay Example The story of their destruction started from their elopement, which was decided because Manon was not accepted by Des Grieux’s father. On the other hand, â€Å"The Sorrows of young Werther† indicate class as a burden for Werther, who is unable to endure the difficulties of class. Werther develops a love for simplicity for peasants and likes their class. He is unable to endure the snobbishness of his own and upper classes. As far as â€Å"Silas Marner† is concerned, class is depicted by means of physical locations. The home of Silas Marner is the lowliest place while the home of Godfrey Cass is the highest place of the locality but in spite of all the riches, the wife of Godfrey is jealous of Silas and Eppie because she is unable to bear a child. All the three novels take class with a different perspective but all their perspectives are persuasive and influential in different places. The theme of class id dealt differently in each writing. Class is a reality that i s considered differently by all the three writers. The novel, Manon Lescaut, takes the theme of love and combines it to the theme of class. The example of class based society can be taken from the incident when Des Grieux has to make a decision to elope in order to marry his beloved, who belongs to a lower class family. Manon Lescaut is a story of a lover who leaves his noble and landed family because of his beloved. The protagonist of the novel le Chevalier Des Grieux belongs to a noble and rich family and his father keeps higher hopes with his son but with the passage of time, Des Grieux’s father is disappointed as Des Grieux elopes with her beloved, Manon Lescaut. At various occasions in the novel, there are indications of Manon Lescaut’s intention of leaving Des Grieux because of his lack of money (Arnold 1981). He belonged to a noble class but with the passage of time, he is unable to maintain his social status because he has left his hereditary wealth for his beloved, who was

Finding the Leader in You Essay Example for Free

Finding the Leader in You Essay A conference was held at the Saint Agnes Medical Center in Fresno on October 22, 2008 with an objective of teaching the audience how to find the leader in them. I should note that this event was the most informative and enlightening conference that I have ever attended. Stephanie Robinson, the first speaker of the conference, is the director of the Nursing Department of Fresno City College. Robinson began her lecture by providing some statistical data regarding numerous topics including how medication errors are taking a toll on the hospital’s financial resources in terms of lawsuits, recovery fees, and other expenses that are associated with those errors. Unfortunately, these errors have caused hospitals to lose large amounts of money, and, in order for them to regain these losses, they started to take every measure necessary to reduce those costs and add it to their profit. The measures that Robinson described included effective scheduling of the staff, preventive measures for medical errors, as well as a good, effective, and standardized patient charting. As a leader, it is the nurse’s responsibility to make sure that they chart every procedure done to and information about the patient. This will protect them against any liability issue that may arise, and to help them have a better charting documentation at the same time. Another way of reducing medication problems is an idea that some of the nurse leaders have come up with, which include e-charting and medication dispensing machines with scanners and barcode technology. This would require nurses to double check their orders and the medications before giving it to the patients. All those statistical data that were presented demonstrated that all the errors committed were preventative, and they could dramatically be reduced if proper safety measures were taken. According to the speaker, education is the most important contributing factor to prevent these extra high costs. As she was saying, we are all living in a digital world where we have access to many resources, yet our busy schedules and everyday problems would not let us research or attend any meetings. Here, the speaker used a very interesting example indicating that we use places such as airports, shopping malls, and even gas stations to provide healthcare and other health related information to people, but we refuse to take some time and provide basic education to our own people at their very own work places. As responsible leaders, it is their duty to provide constant education to their staff. They are also required to observe the activities of their staff at all times. Again as the statistics show, the high number of preventable medical situations such as post operative infections, medication errors, and other complications happens in hospitals settings, and unfortunately these make hospitals look very unsafely and defeats their prime purpose, which is to heal and provide medical care. We can use technology to provide education to our nurses, as well as to help them prevent these types of errors by developing better, more standardized, simple to use medical equipments, electronic order entry and charting, wireless and bar-coding systems, and other numerous ways. Again, she emphasized on the importance of having nurse leaders to provide constant, up-to-date education to help nurses and prevent future medical errors. The second speaker was Pilar De La Cruz-Reyes and she pretty much continued where the last speaker left off by saying that just like any other place, nurses’ scope of practice will be regulated by the hospital and the board of registered nurses. The board defines registered nurses’ role as giving dependent and independent care such as providing safety, comfort, personal hygiene and protection to help patients go through their daily activity. By doing this, we would be able to know any normal and abnormal findings and use our logic to question anything that appears to be abnormal. After attending this conference and having the chance to hear what the speakers had to say, I learned that being a nurse leader is a very important task in terms of providing the best care to patients, as well as the best education to the staff. I also learned that being a nurse automatically makes me a leader and this realization makes me feel obligated and responsible to everything that I do as a nurse. Lastly, I learned that being a patient advocate should always be my priority.

Community services over imprisonment for minor non violent crimes

Community services over imprisonment for minor non violent crimes As the Prison system is overburdened, judges are giving Community Service Sentences instead of imprisonment for Minor Non-Violent Crimes. Will this be good for the society in the long run? Offences that are defined as Minor Non-Violent Offences are those that are against the law but are not usually viewed as serious enough to be taken to the court if done once or twice (Notton, 2010). An example of non violent offence is burglary or motor vehicle theft. Community Service is an alternative of imprisonment imposed by the Court for minor non violent crimes. Community service is an unpaid work for the criminal so that he can repay the debt to the society for committing the offense (An tSeirbhis Phromhaidh The Probation Service, n.d.). Community service can also be a job for which any particular individual can volunteer for. An example of a community service is cleaning up the environment. Giving community service sentences instead of imprisonment for minor non-violent crimes would be good for the society in the long run because the criminal will get a second chance in life, it will reduce the burden on the prison system and society will benefit from community service. Howe ver individuals may take advantage of the system by taking too long to complete their community service work, although people might try to take advantage, if the work is done slowly then the criminals will be severely punished. Everybody makes mistakes, while others dont bother to make it right, some people want a second chance at life which means that people who have done wrong, will get another chance to right themselves and to be an active member to the society. Giving them something to do will also help them see the positives of life and become better citizens to the society as a whole. It will also give them a chance to right their wrongs. This can give them an improved life and can help them carry on with it. People that commit petty crimes such as stealing or drug dealing should not be locked up for good because they deserve a second chance at life again. Thats why community service is offered. Various programs are available such as SLAP, for Sheriffs Labor Assistance Program which help out local sheriffs in small towns all over (Worth, 1998). In Savannah, GA, Randall Moutrie was caught dealing drugs and was convicted to jail. He was given the option of doing community service which he did, and he sa id It made me get better and stronger in my life (Ruberti, 2010). This shows that community service does help someone figuring out what there is to life and how they can relive it. Another example is Berlynn Cottom who was a drug and alcohol addict. Being convicted, she was given the chance to right her wrongs and attend mental and physical rehab. In the process, she would have to complete hours of community service. After the intensive program she said that it had given her a new perspective on life and that she got more respect in the community. It also helped her realize that there is more to life than just doing drugs (Ruberti, 2010). Community service can be offered to non violent crime offenders because some dont have the money to pay for the fines. Rather than being imprisoned for small crimes, they can become active members of society by helping out the community. This can motivate them to becoming better citizens and also to have a brighter future. Other offenders could als o be motivated to show an interest to daily life. With having community service, they can find something that they want to do or keep up for the rest of their lives. It can keep them busy and also to become better role models to other offenders. With having completed the community service program, offenders can look forward to a better lifestyle by reducing the number of repeat offenders who return to jail after being unable to adapt to life outside of jail, said Moses Wright (n.d.). Jail time not only affects the criminals individually but also affects their families. As strange as it may sound, many of these criminals, when imprisoned have their children following their footsteps. This would help turn their lives around and look forward to an improved life with dignity and respect. The prison system is overburdened with the number of inmates they take in, most of which are charged and sentenced to jail for non- violent crimes. Keeping these inmates leads to an increase in the cost of the governments, as they have to provide them with place, food and sometimes required medical attention. As mentioned in the BBC news magazine With the prison population rising, along with the cost of keeping people locked up, ministers have indicated they want to see fewer people serving short jail terms (McFarlane, 2010). Sentencing to community service not only provides an individual with work to do but also gives them an opportunity to pay back the community. According to an article in the Harvard Crimson, the government costs for maintaining a prisoner is about $20,000 each year, the money tax payers give to the government provides these inmates with all the facilities and shelter. Prisons are congested; cells that are designed to hold one prisoner now hold more than one (Jose ph, 1986). Californias prison crises in August 2009 broke out a 11 hour riot, but causes where unknown, Barry Krisberg president of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency in California mentioned that overcrowding is the primary issue with hundreds of men moved into triple bunks which were used for gyms and cafeteria (Stateman, 2009). As stated by Florida Department of Corrections the daily cost of locking up an inmate is spent on protecting them and ensuring medical services, the residual is spent on garments, educating and feeding them (2009). Prison spaces are limited, they should be kept for criminals that are violent and a danger to society, with the population skyrocketing in these prisons the government cannot afford to build more cells particularly, due to the economic situation. Furthermore individuals convicted to non-violent offenses such as forgery, DUI, and robbery need not be sentenced to long jail times , there are alternatives; community service, house arrests and fines. The conditions in these cells are appalling, because of which most inmates suffer from ill health. Moreover there is a chance that individuals (inmates) will be affected psychologically and emotionally in an adverse manner. Professor Craig Haney of the University of California, Santa Cruz explains that When prison environments become unduly painful, they also become harmful, and prisoners carry the effects or consequences of that harm back into the free world once they have been released. Thus, bad prisons are not only unpleasant or uncomfortable; they can be destructive as well (n.d). In order to reduce the crammed situation, judges should decrease the number of non-violent prison inmates and parolees they sentence to jail. Prisons dont always reform prisoners. If anything, inmates become better criminals in prison, learning the tricks of the trade from the pros (Joseph, 1986). Society which is deteriorating with years and years passing by can benefit tremendously by the community services from these criminals. Community service will not only make them realise there mistake, but will also give them a chance to make it right by giving it back to society. This way government does not have to look for paid labour to do these community services when they can get it for free. Many non-profit organisations are always in the need of volunteers for their campaigns and community work. Government could use their services in renovating building, keeping society clean and construction work. For example During 2008, criminals performed 48,484 hours of free labour at various nonprofit organizations and on county road litter pick-up details, according to statistics compiled by the district attorneys office. The figure represents a 16.6 percent increase over the hours compiled in 2007(Hessler, 2009). During 2008, prisoners, dressed in orange jumpsuits, spent a total of 4,354 hours picking up litter along state, county and township roads. On Route 422, inmates worked 558 hours, while they worked 240 hours along Route 100. Inmates put in 87 hours on Route 363, about 60 hours on Route 29, 487 hours on Route 476 and 135 hours on Route 113, according to county records (Hessler, 2009). Governments waste millions of dollars and precious lifetime of these criminals by sending them to prison when they could be helping the society in many ways. Due to current recession it will also benefit the countrys economical status by decreasing the sentence of such criminals. Furthermore natural disasters like flood and earthquake leave devastating trails, help from these criminals could be taken in cleaning up and rebuilding the affected areas. Earthquake in Canterbury and flood in Cumbria are examples of such community services (TVNZ, 2010). These non-violent criminals when are exposed to the prison life become even more violent. In the long run it will benefit the society by reducing the number of violent crimes. Moreover community service for prisoner is no doubt a positive approach as it would help improve the living standard of society. As many of these crimes are minor so imprisonment would alienate them from society. However many individuals who have been given community service order might take too long to complete the number of hours of work, showing up late or not show up at all to their session. This means that they are trying to take advantage of the system. For example, in Scotland criminals have taken over 2 years to complete 250 hours of community service work (STV Group plc, 2010). If the criminals are caught violating the rules of the system they could be charged with high fines and severe consequences such as house arrest or they will be imprisoned. Giving community service sentences instead of imprisonment for minor non-violent crimes would be good for the society in the long run because the criminal will get a chance to undo their wrong and let them do something productive, it will reduce overcrowded prisons and will help the society improve without extra expenses. However the individual might violate the rules by taking too long to finish his quota of hours for community service work, if the criminal is found to be guilty of violating the rules he will be sent to the prison again or will be fined. Furthermore individuals convicted to minor non-violent offenses should not be imprisoned, there are alternatives such as community service or fines which are better than imprisonment and benefit the society more, this is why the governments should take the initiative to start giving out community service for minor non violent crimes rather than imprisoning the criminals.

Alchemy :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Alchemy The science by aid of which the chemical philosophers of medieval times attempted to transmute the baser metals into gold or silver. There is considerable divergence of opinion as to the etymology of the word, but it would seem to be derived from the Arabic al=the, and kimya=chemistry, which in turn derives from the late Greek chemica=chemistry, from chumeia=a mingling, or cheein, 'to pour out' or 'mix', Aryan root ghu, to pour, whence the word 'gush'. Mr. A. Wallis Budge in his "Egyptian Magic", however, states that it is possible that it may be derived from the Egyptian word khemeia, that is to say 'the preparation of the black ore', or 'powder', which was regarded as the active principle in the transmutation of metals. To this name the Arabs affixed the article 'al', thus giving al-khemeia, or alchemy. HISTORY OF ALCHEMY: From an early period the Egyptians possessed the reputation of being skillful workers in metals and, according to Greek writers, they were conversant with their transmutation, employing quicksilver in the process of separating gold and silver from the native matrix. The resulting oxide was supposed to possess marvelous powers, and it was thought that there resided within in the individualities of the various metals, that in it their various substances were incorporated. This black powder was mystically identified with the underworld form of the god Osiris, and consequently was credited with magical properties. Thus there grew up in Egypt the belief that magical powers existed in fluxes and alloys. Probably such a belief existed throughout Europe in connection with the bronze-working castes of its several races. Its was probably in the Byzantium of the fourth century, however, that alchemical science received embryonic form. There is little doubt that Egyptian trad ition, filtering through Alexandrian Hellenic source\s was the foundation upon which the infant science was built, and this is borne out by the circumstance that the art was attributed to Hermes Trismegistus and supposed to be contained in its entirety in his works. The Arabs, after their conquest of Egypt in the seventh century, carried on the researches of the Alexandrian school, and through their instrumentality the art was brought to Morocco and thus in the eighth century to Spain, where it flourished exceedingly. Indeed, Spain from the ninth to the eleventh century became the repository of alchemic science, and the colleges of Seville, Cordova and Granada were the centers from which this science radiated throughout Europe.

Examining Perspective in Literature Essay example -- A&P Perspective U

Examining Perspective in Literature When writing literature, authors will adapt points of view to mold the perceptions of their readers. Three points of view that authors use to draw readers into their works of fiction are the limited perspective, the first-person perspective, and the objective perspective. Three stories will be examined and critiqued for their use of these narrative techniques. Of the three perspectives that will be examined, the first-person perspective is the most useful for sharing the authors’ vision. Authors employing the first person point of view give readers the broadest exposure to the feeling(s), opinion(s), and position(s) that writers attempt to communicate via their narration. The story, â€Å"A&P† by John Updike related the short story of a teenage employee at the beginning of a period of social upheaval and recharacterization of gender roles. The setting for the story was a sleepy inland coastal town during 1962. Sammy, the teenaged protagonist and narrator, provided a clear lens for the perspective that the author presented. The viewpoint of this narrator related to his adolescent need for romantic nobility and his incipient role defiance. The faux noble protagonist attempted to defend three bikini-clad adolescent girls whom defied the implicit taboo regarding exposure of flesh outside of the prescribed boundaries that was understood to be in effect. The narration accounted by the first-person narrator was well-developed and gave descript...

Ancient Greeks and Romans.

Running head: ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS Comparison and Contrast of Greeks and Romans World Civilization 1 HIS 103 There were many different cultures and civilizations in the ancient world. Each of the cultures had their own customs and ethnology that either set them apart from the rest of the world or rendered them similar. Two civilizations that have a multitude of similarities as well as differences are the Greeks and the Romans. In the eyes of some, the Greeks and Romans are synonymous. While they do have their share of similarities, they also have defining characteristics that make them extraordinarily different.The Greeks and the Romans are similar and different in many aspects including religion, social/political aspects, influence of geographical factors and the lasting effect they have had on later civilizations. Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad. That’s my religion. † If only the Greeks and Romans thought of Religion with such simplicity. Both ancient Roman and Greek civilizations took their religion very seriously and built temples and shrines showing their appreciation to the gods. Religion was a very important aspect of Greek society and culture.They participated in sacrifices and regular worships of gods for the purpose of unifying the people in a common goal to please the Gods. The Greeks were a polytheistic civilization and believed that their gods would protect their city-states if they were kept appeased. The Greeks pleased their gods by frequently performing rituals, sacrifices and ceremonies. Greek religion was more than legendary tales and fictitious myths; it was a complex organization with each city-state containing its own divinities, which acted to cement the body of citizens into a true community [ (O'Connell, 1999) ].In this concept, the Romans were similar. They also were polytheistic and very concerned about appeasing their gods. The Romans were great copiers. They b orrowed many of their gods from the Greeks, but unlike Greek gods, they were more cold and formal and did not have as much of a personality. The Romans lived under the gods and constantly tried to please them with rituals and sacred rites. The Romans also performed human and animal sacrifices in addition to the ceremonies. Over the years, these rituals became very complex and needed special people to perform them.Unlike the Greeks, the Romans had priests who were usually distinguished statesmen or generals. Roman religion and politics were intermeshed, and it was not uncommon for the emperor (during the empire period) to be worshipped as a god himself [ (O'Connell, 1999) ]. Because the Greeks were divided into many different city-states, they had many different forms of government. Aristotle divided the Greek governments into monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies and democracies. In 510 B. C. he city-state of Athens created the first democratic government and shortly thereafter, the re st of the city-states followed suit [ (Carr, Ancient Greek Government, 2009) ]. They no longer had one single leader as the Romans did. Rome was originally ruled by kings, in a monarchal system. After this time period known as the Ancient Roman period, the Roman Republic was formed in 509 BC. The Roman Republic provided for a more representative government. Roman imperialism created a sizable gap in wealth and social classes within Rome.With such power and wealth, there was great economic as well as social conflict. The noblemen of Rome were constantly fighting for more wealth as small farm owners suffered when large plantations were being formed with slaves. The Roman nobles were fighting for greed and personal wealth creating extensive conflicts in Rome. Despite the conflict, the development of political institutions was one of Rome’s greatest accomplishments [ (Carr, 2009) ]. As the documentary source Histories: The Roman Constitution clearly exemplifies, the Romans had a very effective political system.As Polybius states in this excerpt, â€Å"For the people is the sole fountain of honor and of punishment; and it is by these two things and these alone that dynasties and constitutions and in a word, human society are held together: for where the distinction between them is not sharply drawn both in theory and practice, there no undertaking can be properly administered – as indeed we might expect when good and bad are held in exactly the same honor. † It is clear that the Roman constitution is equally balanced in power, and has contributed to the strength of the Roman ivilization [ (Sherman, Grunfeld, Markowitz, Rosner, & Heywood, 2006) ]. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once said, â€Å"Men hate each other because they fear each other, and they fear each other because they don’t know each other, and they don’t know each other because they are often separated from each other. † The many ancient Greek city states were isol ated from one another by the mountainous terrain of the Greek peninsula. Much of their land was barren so most Greek city-states arose along the coastline. Map 4-2 clearly shows the extent of Greek settlements around the Mediterranean and Black Seas between 750 and 550 B.C. E. It exemplifies the Greek civilization by illustrating the location of the Greek colonies in comparison to the competing Phoenician colonies that the Greeks often came into contact with. It also shows the importance of colonies for diffusing culture throughout the Mediterranean and explains how Greek and Greco-Roman civilization came to dominate most of the Mediterranean basin even when the Greeks were no longer a great military-political force and their colonies ceased to be independent. Because the Greeks were surrounded by mountains, they were not as open to attack as the Romans were.Map 5-1 clearly shows some of the civilizations that occupied Italy and its immediately surrounding territory during the fifth century B. C. E. It further exemplifies the Roman civilization by illustrating the many influences other civilizations had upon the Roman Republic. Before Rome became a dominant power, the Etruscans, Carthaginians and Greeks all ready had strong literate sophisticated civilizations. As Rome expanded, many of the institutions and practices of these civilizations were incorporated into their civilization.Therefore, Rome’s geographic and cultural environment played an important role in the development of the Roman Republic [ (Sherman, Grunfeld, Markowitz, Rosner, & Heywood, 2006) ]. The Roman and Greek cultures have long been admired for their literature, government and scientific accomplishments. They have not only left their foot prints on later civilizations, but they continue to be studied and admired all around the world today. Greece was home to Herodotus (the first historian) who is regarded as the father of history. Greece is also ecognized for accomplishments such as t he initial development of dramatic and comedic plays, and for being the home of the first mathematicians. In addition, Greece contributed many developments in political science including the creation of democracy and republics and the fundamentals of classical western philosophy, as found in the works of Plato and Aristotle [ (Conservapedia, 2008) ]. In The Republic as written by Plato, democracy is scrutinized. This literary work exemplifies the Greek civilization by illustrating how democracy was implemented, yet also met with resistance and criticism.Plato says â€Å"Because of the liberty which reigns there – they have a complete assortment of constitutions; and he who has a mind to establish a State, as we have been doing, must go to a democracy as he would to a bazaar at which they sell them, and pick out the one that suits him; then, when he has made his choice, he may found his State. † It is clear that Plato did not hold the Athenian form of democracy in highe st regards [ (Sherman, Grunfeld, Markowitz, Rosner, & Heywood, 2006) ]. The Romans contributed just as much as the Greeks did.Their styles of architecture are still used around the world today. Most importantly, Christianity arose and was adopted as the official faith of the Roman Empire. Although it contradicted Roman civilization by insisting that there is only one God, it still continued to spread throughout Rome and much of Europe. The Roman Republic conquered Greece in 146 BC. They took much of the Greek religion and incorporated it into their own until the 4th century CE when Christianity prevailed. The Greco-Roman population in the seventeenth century did much to shape the contemporary western world.The philosophy focused strictly on the role of reason and inquiry. Many philosophers today concede that Greco–Roman philosophy has shaped the entire Western thought since its foundation. Their architecture styles are still used as well as the democratic form of government w hich is used not only in Europe but all around the world. Seventeenth century Greco-Roman literature is still renowned, studied by historians and taught in schools all over the world. Greek and Roman contributions to the contemporary world are great in both number and significance.Their advancements in mathematics, architecture, science, philosophy, government and literature not only advanced their own civilizations but the world as a whole. Humanity has benefited greatly from the contributions of the Greeks and Romans. The world would be an entirely different place if the Romans and Greeks had not existed. The Greeks and Romans have existed in the world as separate entities and also as one community. Because they have been so intermingled, in some ways they are parallel.The Greeks and the Romans are similar and different in many aspects including religion, social/political aspects, influence of geographical factors and the lasting effect they have had on later civilizations. The Gr eek and Roman civilizations were some of the greatest civilizations to evolve. They mutually succeeded in showing other civilizations both how to succeed and how to fail at the things which men might try. Both civilizations had their peaks and their declines. While these two great civilizations continue to present their similarities, they also are extensively different.Just like many countries today have their similarities and also their differences. Despite the many technological and societal advances achieved by societies today, wars still continue to ravage the world. That fact has not changed. Differences continue to divide the globe; and until we can embrace them, will always do so. â€Å"Our greatest strength as a human race is our ability to acknowledge our differences; our greatest weakness is our failure to embrace them (Henderson, 2009). † References (2008, September 7). Retrieved March 11, 2009, from Conservapedia: http://www. conservapedia. com/Greek_influence_on_ Western_CultureCarr, K. (2009, January 15). Ancient Greek Government. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from Kidepede: http://www. historyforkids. org/learn/greeks/government/ Carr, K. (2009, January 15). Kidepede. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from Roman Government: http://www. historyforkids. org/learn/romans/government/ Grunfeld, A. T. , Heywood, L. , Markowitz, G. , Rosner, D. , & Sherman, D. (2006). World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations (4th Edition ed. , Vol. I). New York: McGraw Hill. O'Connell, L. (1999). Paganism; Past ; Present. Retrieved March 10, 2009, from ThinkQuest:Library: